The Clay Miners
A large number of Bullocks and descendants of the Bullocks worked in the
China Clay quarries between St Enoder and St Austell in the latter part of the
19th century. The 1871 census reveals many of the family engaged in the
industry. In general the work was back-breaking and poorly paid, but John
Bullock of Bennalack Cottage near Summercourt, (a great grandson of John Bullock
of 'Havenna Down Park') a 'Tin and Clay Agent' in 1871 was probably reasonably
prosperous. His sons 22 year-old William and 17 year-old John, who were living
at home, were working as tin miners, while 14 year-old Joseph was a 'scholar'.
The immediate family of his distant cousin, another John Bullock (b. 1817),
(great grandson of Edmund Bullock of 'Higher Hallone') who lived for the latter
part of his life at Ruthvoes in St Columb Major parish were predominantly
employed in the clay works. John himself, who was a maltster at the time of his
marriage in 1839, was a 'tin mine captain' in the 1850's and in 1871 he farmed
35 acres as well as working as a clay labourer. His
daughter Elizabeth
married a lay labourer named John Kessell
and three of his sons, John, William and Albert were clay labourers. William
rose to be the 'captain' of a china clay works.
Another
son, Richard, escaped all this by migrating to the United States of America in
the early 1870's leaving his young wife and child behind. After prospecting
for gold in the Black Hills for ten years he became a bullion guard for the
Homestake Mine. His sharp shooting exploits in protecting the Deadwood stage,
later immortalised in Buffalo Bill's Wildwest Show, earned him the name of
'Deadwood Dick'. About 40 Bullocks and their relations were employed in the
china clay industry in the latter part of the 19thcentury. Sometimes
both husband and wife would work as clay labourers, such as Rachael Bullock
(b. abt 1834) and her husband (and cousin) John Bullock (b. 1829) of 'Stonegwins'
near St Stephens.